2.
   2022
/  
   
(1605  1849 . )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        
2.             
-
3.           
4.           
-
5.          
2.
6.      
-
7.           
8.           
   2022
/  
   
(1605  1849 . )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        
: 
     ,     ,   
(1595-1644)        
    ,     
'  ,   ,     ' 
                , 
   ,        ,    
                 
           ,     
2.

 ;         , -   
            ,  "  " 
    
     -  + 
         
        
    :
  
    (  ) 
             

     ,         
    ,        -   
 
   
              
,
   :      
  -    
,    
       
      
,   
            , , 
,         
        (     ) 
     
         
 -,           
     '         
, 
,        
       ,     ,  
              -
      
-  
               
         ,          
  ,          
   :
   
    
2.
    
    '  
    
              -  
                
   
        '       ,  
       
         
    ,     
        ,        ,
            
  
,              
 
              
                 
  ,      
  - 
                '
     
           -
,           
    "  "        
     ,              
    52      
    
 ,             
        
 -        
 
   
           '     
  :
 
   

  
    
2.
  ,          -   '  
  ' 
     

         
        
       '    ,       
,               
-     ,      ' 
 
 
      ?
 
   -    :
           , , -
       
       ,      
   
              ,  
      
     ,         
           
              
 

               
              
          ,        
               ,  , 
         ,    
    , -          

2.
2.             
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
  ,    (1621–1675)   ,    
         ,       
        ,     
         ,     
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      :              ,
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
1675 ,             
           
   ,          
 
24  1675 ,     ,       '  
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :       
,    
         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
    "--" (  )       
 :
   :         
      
 :        
 :  ,    -  

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 ' 
1.    
        :      -
   
2.
    ,   ,  1699      
 ,      -    
2.    
               
 
 ,                
     
3.  
         
             

           
4.   
               
   
         ,     
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
   ,         ,   
     
         

  
            
   ,     ' 
   ,          

󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 



      , 1675

   ;      


-- (  )
 ' 
 ;    
 ' 
 ,  ,  
2.


      
󷇮󷇭 
          
 -      
         ,      
               , 
,         

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :        
   ,   
                  
         
-
3.           
:    
 
     ,  1699        
      
         
  ,   ,        
    
   , ,      
   
       
 -     
17
   ,          -
        ,    
  ,     ,         
   ,            
   ,  
        - 
         ,     
          
 
2.
   
    ,       
   
   ,         
      
    '       
  

           
  - (   )    
                
 
        ,         
              
 
      :
             
 
        ,     '    
      
     
              ,    
                
 ,         
  :
   
    
   
   
   -  
   ,      -   
2.
  - 13  1699 ()
    : , 1699,         
                
    
      :
"             ?"
         
    ,    
                  
             
              ,     
:
1.   - 
2.   
3.   
4.   
5.    
  " " -     
    ,             
               
  
       (  )       
         ( )       ()

   '     :
"
      
    
   
 
,    "
  
  :
  "" 
2.
   -          
,   

   , ,        

      
                
             

  
     
  
 :




  
   
    :
  
     
     
   
      
   ()    :
1. -   ( )
2. -    ()
3. -    (    )
4. -   (-  )
5. -  (      )
              
   
2.
       
1.  
           
2.    
  -        -  
3.  
           ,    
  
           
4.  
       ,       


       
;         
,        , ,     ' 
     , , ,      
 ,       ,   ,      
    
 
 ,              ,
        
4.           
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
1699               
           
 -   
        
,    ,     
2.
              ,  
    ,       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼:   
?
17
   ,     ,     
  
 ,    1675         
 
  ,              
 ,      
1699    ,    ,        
 ,    ( )      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
 :        -  (  ),  (),
 (  ),  ( ),   ()
:      ,    
:       ,   
     
:  ()   ()    ,   
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.  
    ,         
 
    ,        '  
         ,    
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,     (    )   
      
 
2.  
2.
:  -          

         ,      
-   :     - , 
    '    
  :         , 
    ,       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             
3.  
         
              
, 19
            

      -    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:        ,    
   
 
4.  
   ,     
        
  
   ()      -
  ,        
5.  
      - 
      ,          
"   ,    " (   ,    )
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ,    ,        ,
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
          
      ,       
      

               
 
2.
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 
 
  

  ,    

-  ,      

  ,    


 , ,    

  ,    
󷇮󷇭 
       
 -        
  
,     -  , -  
 ,     ,          

-
5.          
:      
 
      '   ,    ,  
    -            
 , 
            ,     
     ,         
     
  -    
     1670     ,       
    ,       -   , 
               
()               
 ',     ,    
  ',    
,   
,    '    
    
            
2.
 -     
           1708      ,
           :   
 ()               
        ,          
                ,
     -         ,   
                
            , "   () "
  ,       -     
   -    
               
           
,  
 ,       :
    
   
      
   '    
              ,  
    , ,    -      
   -    (1709)
                
    ,              

      ,           

 -          
  
             
  -    
2.
  ,            :




              
 ,             -  
   - ,          

    (1710)
      ,        ,   
            
   1710         ,    
           
;   
       
   
    ,          -   
              
         (  ) 
,  ,      
 
1.    
   ,  
         
           ,   
   
2.  
2.
           '    
 
             
 
3.  
            '        
     '     
4.   
  ,     ,      
       '  
5.      
     
,         , 
          
  
       
       
  ,    1715        
               , 
1716       
    ,           
  

              
   
;  ,           
 ,     ,      
    
 ,            ,    
          ,      
       ,      
 
2.
6.      
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :   ,   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
 
18
     ,  
       
,              ,
         ,     
   - ,  -          
       -         
   
   
;       ,     
                
            

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :               
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼""  
          ""  ""   
          ,       
     
   ()   
    ,    
 ,       ,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
          ,     
    
 ,        ,    
   
18
   ,         
12   ,     -    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
    :
2.
1.       ,    
      
2.  -      ,      
3.  -       
4.       ;      

5.    -    
6.      ;     
7.      
8.  -        
9.  -      ,     
  
10.       ,     
    
11.   -     
12.  -     ( ) 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,    ,       
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
:            
:   ,        
: ,      ,  
      
 :  (   )    '
  '   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
1.   
        
    ,       
            
2.  
      ,  '      
 
        
3.  
2.
    , 
        
        
        
4.    
      
,      

      

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
18
   ,          
      
       -   , 19
 
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
           
   ,      
             
   
           
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 

  

     

    

  ,    

        

       
󷇮󷇭 
         -  18
      
    -     ,      
      ,       ,  
       
2.
-
7.           
:       
  ,   "  "   ,      ,
        19
      ,   
-        -    ,   
 ,         ,    
 
,            
             (  
   )    (  )      
        
1.  
             
   
 ,         ,   - 
 
   '    ,          
 ,              
,      -     
  -     -        
        
 
     - 
        ,
   
       '  ,     
            
 
                
          ,   
      
          
   
2.
      ,       
     ,           
    
 
 (  )             
      
        ,        
        '      
  
       ,        
 ,            
         ,    , 
              '  
 
 
              
 
   ,  -,    '   
,      ;  ,        
;   ,       
  ( )         
 '    ,          
         
,         ,    
       
 
                 
  ,          ,  
             
       
 - ,    
 ' 
2.
            

        
        
,  ( ), ,       
      
;      - 
 ,     
,        '
,   '     '   
2.  
          ,        
            
           
  
   ,        -  
   
-         , 
     
      '      , 
,         ' ,    
 ,      
        
  - 
     -     :
1.   (   )-  , ,  
 
2.  ()-         ,   
3.  (  )-       ;  
  ,         
2.
4.   ( )-   ,       

 -        '  
  
           , ,  
         
     
  ,          
    
  ,         , , ,  -
            ;   
-          '   
   
     '   
   
   ,   ,         
    ,     '  
     ,         ,
        -    

           
,    
           , ,    
      ,        ,
               
            
,   , ,
                  
,
           ,      

2.
8.           
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
  ( 12
 18
 )        
    -  , ,  ,     
            ,  
              
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            
  ,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   (12
-15
)
 :     ,    
     ,       
:  , ,  ,     
:         
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
,       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  (16
-18
)
           
1.   
 :      ,    
   
: ,     , ,    
  ():   ,     

  - ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             
2.   
  (1673):  ,      
               '
 
2.
:      ,   (  )  
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          ,  
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  (18
  )
        ,    
 
1. 
  ,     '   
  ( , ):     16
  
   ,          
          ( )  

: ,  ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
,     ,     '
  
2.   
             
:     ,      
  ,  ,      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
     :
  -:     ,   
  
 -     
 :     ,     - 
 
:      ,     
 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         ,     
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 ' 
2.
 :, ,         
  
 :         

  :        
 :,         

󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 




,   
 
  ,  ,
 
 
 ,  
 
  -,  
  
󷇮󷇭 
      ,      
          ,      

  -    ,  ,  
"              
 
       ,       
 "